- Buying a Gun in California.
- Colorado firearms purchases.
- Connecticut: what do you need to buy a gun?
- Delaware gun purchases.
- How do I buy a gun in Hawaii?
- Illinois requirements for firearm purchases.
- Maryland gun laws for purchasing firearms.
- How to buy a gun In Massachusetts.
- Are private firearms sales allowed in Michigan?
- Minnesota: restrictions on handguns and pistol-grip long guns.
- Nebraska gun purchase laws.
- What do you need to buy a gun in Nevada?
- New Jersey gun purchase rules.
- How to buy a firearm in New Mexico.
- New York: Are gun purchases allowed?
- North Carolina handgun purchase update.
- Oregon Ballot Measure 114 and private party firearms purchases.
- Pennsylvania firearms purchase laws.
- What is needed for a Rhode Island gun purchase?
- Texas: Do you need a permit to buy a gun?
- Utah firearms purchase rules.
- Vermont gun-buying laws.
- Virginia gun permits and laws.
- Washington laws on being 21.
In other states, private sales of long arms (rifles and shotguns) are permitted, but all handgun sales must involve an FFL (a Federal Firearms License holder, or in other words, a licensed gun dealer) and a background check. In more restrictive states (again, see below for more details), all firearms sales must take place via an FFL, you may need to obtain additional permits or licenses from the state before purchasing, there may be an extended waiting period, and some types of firearms and/or magazines are completely prohibited.
PLEASE NOTE: We have made a reasonable attempt to provide accurate information at the time of this writing, but we are not lawyers or lawmakers, and firearms laws can change frequently. It is your responsibility to always check and confirm with your local laws. Neither Liberty Safe nor the author assumes any liability for the use or misuse of this information.
Federal firearms purchase requirements
In every US state, when you purchase a gun from an FFL (like a gun store or other licensed firearms dealer) you will need to provide a valid photo ID such as your driver’s license, government-issued identification card, passport, or military ID, and typically another form of ID or evidence confirming your current address, such as a CCW (carrying concealed weapon) permit or a utility bill. You will need to fill out and sign an ATF Form 4473 Firearms Transaction Form that attests you are legally eligible to purchase a gun. The gun dealer will review your information and then run it through the federal FBI National Instant Criminal Background Check (NICS) database for a criminal background check. There may also be state-level checks performed where required. Important note: As of April 1, 2023, the ATF has implemented revisions and there is a new ATF Form 4473. Click to learn more information about 2023 revisions to ATF Form 4473.
ATF Form 4473 — Firearms Transaction Form
By federal law, 18-year-olds may purchase shotguns and rifles, and 21-year-olds may purchase handguns, shotguns, and rifles. However, many states, cities, and municipalities have passed their own, more restrictive firearms laws, and you are subject to all applicable local, state, and federal laws when purchasing a firearm. One of the best resources is often a local gun shop or shooting range. Ask a gun dealer in your area what is needed in your location and they nearly always have a very good idea and can help you stay in compliance with the laws. State government websites also often have FAQs or copies of relevant firearms laws.
IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT BUYING OR SELLING FIREARMS ACROSS STATE LINES:
If you want to purchase a firearm (or sell a firearm, or give a firearm, or be gifted a firearm) across state lines, the transaction absolutely must go via an FFL dealer. Private sales between residents of different states are not exempt, even if private party sales between in-state residents are legal in both states. Gifts are not exempt. If your uncle who lives in another state wants to give you your grandpa’s old hunting rifle, for example, that transaction must be handled by an FFL in the state in which you reside. Your uncle can deliver the firearm to your local FFL dealer, who will process the transfer and any additional state paperwork. Even if your buddy lives 3 miles across the border in another state, you can’t sell or buy a firearm from him without that transaction being handled by an FFL in the state in which the receiving party resides. Violation is a felony, and the ATF has no sense of humor. Don’t do it.
Permitless Carry States
Last Updated: April 4, 2023
Gun Laws Vary Between States
In some states, you need a specific permit to purchase a handgun (see below). In others, you don’t. There may be an extensive waiting period that’s longer than the (up to) 3 days it might take to get your criminal background check results. Other states have no required waiting period. Refer to our list below or ask your local gun shop.
If you want to open-carry or conceal-carry your new gun, you may need to seek an additional permit. Where you can carry your gun in public might have limitations.
You might also be interested in reading about the Biggest Proposed and Implemented Changes to 2022 Gun Laws.
Based on our information as of the date of publication, the following states have no prohibition or licensing requirements for private firearms sales between individual residents (again, please check your local laws):
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- Florida
- Georgia
- Idaho
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- New Hampshire
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
Next, let’s take a closer look at specific state laws regarding what is needed for you to purchase a gun in the more restrictive states. Note that we will largely be restricting our discussion to firearms purchase requirements, as a comprehensive list of banned firearms/features, magazine capacity restrictions, permitted concealed or open carry laws, etc. would not be practical or possible.
Buying a Gun in California
In California, all firearms purchases and transfers, including private party transactions and sales at gun shows, must be made through a California licensed dealer under the Dealer’s Record of Sale (DROS) process. California law imposes a 10-day waiting period before a firearm can be released to a purchaser or transferee. You must be 21 years old to purchase any firearm. Firearm purchases require a Firearm Safety Certificate and proof of residency unless the individual purchasing the firearm is active-duty military, honorably retired military, or a peace officer. Military reservists must provide proof of residency in order to purchase a firearm.
The Firearms Safety Certificate (FSC) can be purchased and completed at firearms dealers with California Department of Justice (DOJ) instructors (often located at gun shops) on the same day. To obtain an FSC, you must be 18 years or older and pass a written test with a grade of 75% or higher. The FSC is valid for five years. Additionally, before you can take possession of a purchased firearm, you are required to perform a safe-handling demonstration with that firearm in the presence of a DOJ-certified instructor. See California’s Firearms laws FAQ for more info, and exceptions to the above for transfers between spouses, or parents/grandparents to adult children.
California’s Firearms Laws FAQ's
- Where do I find laws regarding the possession of firearms?
- The laws governing control of deadly weapons, including firearms, are found in Part 6 of the Penal Code, beginning at section 16000. These laws define the various types of dangerous weapons as well as restrictions and crimes related to their manufacture, sale, possession, and transportation. Of particular note, the laws relating to firearms are found in Title 4 of Part 6, beginning at section 23500, and the applicable definitions and general rules are found in Title 1 of Part 6, beginning at section 16000. Laws that pertain to both firearms and other types of deadly weapons are found in Title 2 of Part 6, beginning at section 17500.
- I'm not sure whether I have a California record that would prevent me from owning/possessing a firearm. Is there a way to find out before I attempt to purchase one?
- Yes, you may request a California Personal Firearms Eligibility Check (PFEC) by submitting a(PFEC) application, pdf to the Department of Justice. For more information about how to request a PFEC, please refer to the PFEC FAQ.Applications are also available through your local firearms dealer. Please be advised that a PFEC does not include a Federal NICS check. Therefore, you may still be prohibited from owning or possessing a firearm even though you receive a PFEC response indicating you are eligible to own or possess firearms.
(Pen. Code, § 30105)
- Generally, all firearms purchases and transfers, including private party transactions and sales at gun shows, must be made through a California licensed dealer under the Dealer’s Record of Sale (DROS) process. California law imposes a 10-day waiting period before a firearm can be released to a purchaser or transferee. Pursuant to Penal Code section 27510, a California licensed dealer is prohibited from selling, supplying, delivering, transferring or giving possession or control ofany firearmto any person under the age of 21 years, except as specifically exempted. The exemptions apply to the sale, supplying, delivery, transfer, or giving possession or control of a firearm that is not a handgun to a person 18 years of age or older. The Exemptions Include:
- A person 18 years of age or older who possess a valid, unexpired hunting license issued by the Department of Fish and Wildlife.
- An active peace officer, as described in Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 830) of Title 3 of Part 2, who is authorized to carry a firearm in the course and scope of his or her employment.
- An active federal officer or law enforcement agent who is authorized to carry a firearm in the course and scope of his or her employment as a reserve peace officer.
- A person who provides proper identification of his or her active membership in the United States Armed Forces, the National Guard, the Air National Guard, or active reserve components of the United States.
- A Person who provides proper identification that he or she is an honorably discharged member of the United States Armed Forces, the National Guard, the Air National Guard, or active reserve components of the United States.
As part of the DROS process, the purchaser must present "clear evidence of identity and age" which is defined as a valid, non-expired California Driver's License or Identification Card issued by the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). A military identification accompanied by permanent duty station orders indicating a posting in California is also acceptable.
If the purchaser is not a U.S. Citizen, then he or she is required to demonstrate that he or she is legally within the United States by providing the firearms dealer with documentation containing his/her Alien Registration Number or I-94 Number.
Purchasers of handguns must provide proof of California residency, such as a utility bill, residential lease, property deed, or government-issued identification (other than a driver license or other DMV-issued identification), and either (1) possess a Handgun Safety Certificate (HSC) plus successfully complete a safety demonstration with their recently purchased handgun or (2) qualify for an HSC exemption.
(Pen. Code, § § 26800-26850.)
- Contact your county sheriff's office or, if you are a resident of an incorporated city, your city police department, for information on obtaining a CCW license. They can answer your questions and provide you with a copy of their CCW license policy statement and the CCW license application. If you live within an incorporated city, you may apply to the police department or the county sheriff's office for a CCW license. However, only residents of a city may apply to a city police department for a CCW license. (Pen. Code, §§ 26150-26225.)
- Yes, as long as the adult child receiving the firearm is not in a prohibited category, pdfand the firearm is legal to possess (e.g., not an assault weapon). The transfer of a firearm between a parent and child or a grandparent and grandchild is exempt from the dealer transfer requirement. The exemption does not apply to step-children/step-parents, brothers, sisters, aunts, uncles, or cousins. If the firearm is a handgun, the recipient must obtain a Handgun Safety Certificate prior to taking possession and must also submit a Report of Operation of Law or Intra-Familial Handgun Transaction and $19 fee to the DOJ within 30 days after taking possession. The same rules apply to the return of the firearm at a later date. (Pen. Code, §§ 27870-27875, 30910-30915.)
- Yes, as long as the person receiving the firearm is not in a prohibited category, pdf and the firearm is legal to possess (e.g., not an assault weapon), the transfer of a firearm between a husband and wife or registered domestic partners is exempt from the requirement to use a licensed dealer to perform the transfer. If the firearm is a handgun, the recipient must obtain a Handgun Safety Certificate prior to taking possession and must also submit a Report of Operation of Law or Intra-Familial Handgun Transaction, pdf and $19 fee to the DOJ within 30 days after taking possession. The same rules apply to the return of the firearm at a later date. (Pen. Code, §§ 16990, subd. (g), 27915, 27920, subd. (b).)
- There is no limit to the number of handguns that you may own but you are generally limited to purchasing no more than one handgun in any 30-day period. Handgun transactions related to law enforcement, private party transfers, returns to owners, and certain other specific circumstances are exempt from the one-handgun-per-30-day purchase limit. (Pen. Code,§ 27535.)
- Yes. If you keep any loaded firearm within any premise which is under your custody or control and know or reasonably should know that a child (person under 18 years of age) is likely to gain access to the firearm, you may be guilty of a felony if a child gains access to that firearm and thereby causes death or injury to any person including themselves unless the firearm was in a secure locked container or locked with a locking device that rendered it inoperable. (Pen. Code,§§ 25100, 25200.)
- Generally, it is illegal to buy, manufacture, import, keep for sale, expose for sale, give or lend any large-capacity magazine (able to accept more than 10 rounds) in California. However, continued possession of large-capacity magazines that you owned in California prior to January 1, 2000, is legal provided you are not otherwise prohibited. A person prohibited from possessing firearms is also prohibited from owning or possessing any magazines or ammunition. (Pen. Code, §§16150, subd. (b), 30305, 32310.)
- Generally you may not carry a concealed firearm on your person in public unless you have a valid Carry Concealed Weapon (CCW) license. CCW licenses are issued only by a California county sheriff to residents of the county, or the chief of police to residents of the city. California law does not honor or recognize CCW licenses issued outside this state. (Pen. Code, §§ 25400-25700, 26150-26225.)
- Any person who has a conviction for any misdemeanor listed in Penal Code section 29805 or for any felony, or is addicted to the use of any narcotic drug, or has been held involuntarily as a danger to self or others pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 8103 is prohibited from buying, owning, or possessing firearms or ammunition. There are also prohibitions based on mental conditions, domestic restraining/protective orders, conditions of probation, and specific offenses committed as a juvenile. A list of prohibited categoriesis available on the Bureau of Firearms website. (Pen. Code, §§ 29800, 29805, 29815, 29820, 29825, 29855, 29860, 29900, 29905, 30305; Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 8100-8103; 18 U.S.C. § 922, subd. (g), 27 C.F.R. § 478.22.)
- No. CCW licenses/permits issued in other states are not valid in California. (Pen. Code, §§ 25400-25700.)
- • The total state fee is $37.19. The DROS fee is $31.19 which covers the costs of the background checks and transfer registry. There is also a $1.00 Firearms Safety Act Fee, and a $5.00 Safety and Enforcement Fee. In the event of a private party transfer (PPT), the firearms dealer may charge an additional fee of up to $10.00 per firearm. If the transaction is not a PPT the dealer may impose other charges as long as this amount is not misrepresented as a state fee. When settling on the purchase price of a firearm, you should ask the dealer to disclose all applicable fees. (Pen. Code, §§ 23690, 28055, 28230, 28300, 28233.)
- For private party transfers, the total allowable fees, including the DROS, safety, and dealer transfer fees, are not to exceed $47.19 ($37.19 DROS fee and $10.00 PPT fee), and $10.00 for each subsequent firearm.
"Antique firearms," as defined in section 921(a)(16) of Title 18 of the United States Code, and curio or relic rifles/shotguns, defined in section 478.11 of Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations that are over 50 years old, are exempt from this requirement. For additional exceptions, refer to Penal Code sections 27850 through 27966.
(Pen. Code, § 27545, 28055)
- If your DROS application is denied, you will receive a letter from the DOJ Bureau of Firearms within two weeks. The letter will explain the reason and instructions on how to get a copy of the record that resulted in the denial of your application. There will also be instructions on how to dispute and correct information in your record you believe is wrong.
- No. Neither temporary driver's licenses nor temporary identification cards are acceptable forms of proof of identity and age. (Pen. Code, § 16400.)
- Yes. If you have a conviction for a firearms-prohibiting offense, such as felony drunk driving, your driving record would affect your ability to purchase a firearm. Furthermore, your driver's license must be valid. A revocation, outstanding ticket, or fine may cause your license to be invalid.
- Firearms dealers and persons who have obtained special weapons permits issued by the DOJ are exempt from the waiting period.
- Persons with a Curio & Relic collector's licenses issued by the ATF and who have a valid Certificate of Eligibility issued by the DOJ are exempt from the waiting period when purchasing curio and relic firearms.
- Peace officers with authorization from the head of his/her agency.
(Pen. Code, §§ 26950-26970, 27650-27670.)
- Yes, upon request, the dealer must provide you with a copy of the DROS application. In private party transactions, the seller is also entitled to a copy of the DROS application upon request. (Pen. Code, § 28210.)
- Yes. If you do not take physical possession of the firearm within 30 days of submission of the DROS information, the dealer must cancel the sale. If you still want to take possession of the firearm, you must repeat the entire DROS process, including payment of DROS fees and new 10-day waiting period. (Pen. Code, § 26835; 27 C.F.R. § 478.124, subd. (c).)
- Prior to the submission of DROS information for a fiream, the purchaser must present an FSC or provide the dealer with proof of exemption pursuant to California Penal Code section 31700. (Pen. Code, §§ 26840, 31700.)
- To obtain an FSC you must score at least 75% (23 correct answers out of 30 questions) on the FSC Test covering firearm safety and basic firearms laws. The true/false and multiple choice test is administered by Instructors certified by the Department of Justice who are generally located at firearms dealerships. (Pen. code, §§ 31610-31670.)
- Yes. A replacement FSC is available only through the DOJ Certified Instructor who issued your FSC. The FSC replacement cost is $5. The replacement FSC will reflect the same expiration date as your original FSC. (Pen. code, § 31660.)
- Yes, but you must have a valid federal Curio & Relic Collector's license and a valid Certificate of Eligibility. (Pen. Code, § 27535.)
- You are considered a personal firearm importer as defined by California law. You may bring all of your California-legal firearms with you, but you must report them all to the California Department of Justice within 60 days as required utilizing the New Resident Firearm Ownership Report (BOF 4010A), pdf. You may not bring ammunition feeding devices with a capacity greater than ten rounds, machine guns, or assault weapons into California. (Pen. code, §§ 17000, subd. (a), 27560.)
- There is no firearm registration requirement in California except for assault weapon owners and personal handgun importers. However, you must submit a Firearm Ownership Report (FOR) Application (BOF 4542A), pdf to the California Department of Justice (the Department) for any firearm you are seeking return where no other record is on file with the Department identifying you as the most recent owner/possessor. Having a FOR application on file with the Department will authorize the return of your firearm in the event it is subsequently lost or stolen. With very few and specific exceptions, all firearm transactions must be conducted through a firearms dealer. If you purchased a handgun from a properly licensed California firearms dealer and underwent a background check via the state’s Dealer’s Record of Sale (DROS) process, a record of your handgun purchase is already on file with the Department. Therefore, it should not be necessary for you to submit a FOR application for handguns previously purchased in California. Unfortunately, this is not the case with regards to rifles or shotguns. Prior to January 1, 2014, the Department was prohibited by law from retaining DROS long gun information.
- Yes. To obtain a list of firearms listed in your name, complete and submit an Automated Firearms System Records Request, pdf to the Automated Firearms Unit, P.O. Box 820200, Sacramento, CA 94203-0200. The request must be signed, notarized, and include a photocopy of your photo ID card (i.e., driver's license or DMV ID).
- The waiting period for the purchase or transfer of a firearm is ten (10) 24-hour periods from the date and time the DROS information is submitted to the DOJ.
- Yes. Licensed firearms dealers shall require their employees who handle, deliver, or sell firearms to obtain a Certificate of Eligibility from the DOJ. Upon application, a firearms eligibility check will be conducted to determine whether the applicant is eligible to lawfully possess firearms. If so, the applicant is issued a COE. A copy of the COE must be provided to the employer by the employee/applicant, and must be renewed annually, as required by the licensed dealer. For more information, please see the Firearm Dealer FAQs.
- Questions regarding sales tax should be directed to the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration. Their website address is www.cdtfa.ca.gov.
- Once the court or law enforcement agency in possession of your firearm notifies you the firearm is available for return, you must submit a completed Law Enforcement Gun Release (LEGR) application, pdf with the appropriate processing fee to the California Department of Justice (the Department). The processing fee for an LEGR application is $20.00 for the first firearm and $3.00 for each additional firearm listed on the application. If the court or agency in possession of your firearm determines that the firearm was reported stolen, the fee for the stolen firearm will be waived. You must send documentation from the court or agency confirming the firearm was reported stolen along with the LEGR application to qualify for the fee waiver. Once the Department receives your LEGR application, a firearms eligibility check will be conducted to determine if you are lawfully eligible to possess firearms. DOJ will also confirm the firearm is recorded in the Department’s Automated Firearms System (AFS) as being owned by or loaned to the individual seeking its return. If you have not previously reported your firearm to the Department, you must also submit a Firearms Ownership Report (FOR) application (BOF 4542A) along with the appropriate fees to the Department. If the firearm you are seeking return is a rifle/shotgun, the prior completion of a Dealer’s Record of Sale (DROS) background check does not satisfy the aforementioned firearm reporting requirement. However, if the rifle/shotgun was registered as an assault weapon or 50 BMG rifle, the reporting requirement has been satisfied. You will receive a notice of the results. If this notice states that you are eligible to possess firearms and the firearm is recorded to in your name, you should then take the notice to the court or law enforcement agency in possession of your firearm to claim it. The notice must be presented to the court or law enforcement agency within thirty (30) days of the date listed on the notice. Failure to do so will result in the need to submit a new application and fees and undergo another firearms eligibility background check.
- Follow the instructions for submitting an application for LEGR. Once the Department receives your LEGR application, a firearms eligibility check will be conducted to determine if you are lawfully eligible to possess firearms. If you are eligible to possess firearms, the court or law enforcement agency can release the ammunition and/or feeding devices at the same time as the firearm.
- If you are seeking the return of ammunition and/or feeding devices ONLY, DO NOT submit a LEGR Application. Please visit the law enforcement agency or court that has custody of your property or contact the Bureau of Firearms by email at https://oag.ca.gov/firearms/contact for further instructions. Effective July 1, 2020, the Department will be required to perform eligibility checks on individuals who are attempting to retrieve ammunition and/or ammunition feeding devices that are in the custody of a law enforcement agency or court.
- You must submit a No Longer In Possession (NLIP) BOF 4546 form along with providing the proof of the destroyed firearm(s):
- Pictures of before & after the destruction of the firearm(s) with the serial number visible.
- Copy of an insurance claim for the destroyed firearm(s) or statement from a gunsmith or a manufacturer stating that the firearm(s) was not repairable and could not be made operable.
Other ways to destroy the firearm(s) (need to be reported on the NLIP BOF 4546 form) are:
- Surrender it to Law Enforcement.
- Surrender it to a gunsmith or a firearm manufacturer.
California also has a roster of approved handguns: As of January 1, 2001, no handgun may be manufactured within California, imported into California for sale, lent, given, kept for sale, or offered/exposed for sale unless that handgun model has passed firing, safety, and drop tests and is certified for sale in California by the CA Department of Justice. Private party transfers (through an FFL), curio/relic handguns, certain single-action revolvers, and pawn/consignment returns are exempt from this requirement. See the state website for more information and a list of CA-approved firearms.
Not only do you need a permit to purchase a firearm in California, but since July 1, 2019, all purchases of ammunition are required to have an ammunition purchase authorization from the California DOJ. This section requires the ammunition purchaser to submit to a background check and to have an entry in the California DOJ Automated Firearms System that matches the information presented at the time of purchase.
In California, you are required to lock your handgun in a locked container or your vehicle’s trunk when you transport it. In California, the term locked container means a secure container that is fully enclosed and locked by a padlock, key lock, combination lock, or similar locking device. This includes the trunk of a motor vehicle but does not include the utility or glove compartment.
Transporting Firearms in California
HANDGUNS
Pursuant to California Penal Code section 25610, a United States citizen over 18 years of age who is not prohibited from firearm possession, and who resides or is temporarily in California, may transport by motor vehicle any handgun provided it is unloaded and locked in the vehicle’s trunk or in a locked container. Furthermore, the handgun must be carried directly to or from any motor vehicle for any lawful purpose and, while being carried must be contained within a locked container. Pursuant to California Penal Code section 16850, the term "locked container" means a secure container that is fully enclosed and locked by a padlock, key lock, combination lock, or similar locking device. This includes the trunk of a motor vehicle, but does not include the utility or glove compartment.
SHOTGUNS AND RIFLES
Nonconcealable firearms (shotguns and rifles) are not generally covered within the provisions of California Penal Code section 25400 and therefore are not required to be transported in a locked container. However, as with any firearm, nonconcealable firearms must be unloaded while they are being transported.
REGISTERED ASSAULT WEAPONS
California Penal Code section 30945, subdivision (g) provides that registered assault weapons may be transported only between specified locations and must be unloaded and stored in a locked container when transported. Pursuant to California Penal Code section 16850, the term "locked container" means a secure container that is fully enclosed and locked by a padlock, key lock, combination lock, or similar locking device. This includes the trunk of a motor vehicle, but does not include the utility or glove compartment.
